Maritime Budgets Struggle Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Maritime Budgets Struggle - Article Example The implied hypothesis is that the decisions taken by the administration regarding maritime budgets in the FY 2011 budget are against the maritime industry in America and insensitive to homeland security. However, it does not throw any light on the performance of the maritime agencies in America. The hypothesis of the author appears to be skewed since it does not mention whether the budget cuts are uniform throughout various programs or specifically maritime agencies have been targeted. Also, the article glorifies the budget cuts and discounts the increase in spending on maritime agencies and programs by phrases like ‘aging academy, and ‘â€Å"difficult tradeoffs† between men and women and machine’ (Bondareff, 2010) The article does not answer the question regarding the impact of the budget cuts on maritime agencies and programs. The central argument of the article is that allocations in FY 2011 budget, to maritime agencies is reduced to make up for the budget deficit. Though it mentions the programs which have been denied funding in the FY 2011 budget, the article does not mention the importance/contribution of those programs to the maritime industry in particular and country in general. It does not mention the progress in the programs from the previous funding; is it the case that the programs were running excellently and now their growth would be stunted due to decreased funding or since the programs were not performing up to the expectations so the funding is decreased. The study undertaken is useful in a limited way in the sense that although it highlights the budgetary decisions of the administration regarding maritime agencies and programs, it does not throw any light on the implications of these decisions and the justifications given by administration for taking such decisions. The study appears to be a collection of

How Women Are Portrayed in Lynx and Cosmo Essay Example for Free

How Women Are Portrayed in Lynx and Cosmo Essay ‘Men act and women appear. Men look at women. Women watch themselves being looked at’ – John Berger, ‘Ways of seeing’. For my research investigation I intend to explore to what extent specific media products use similar representations of women to appeal to their target audiences. The examples I have chosen to focus on are the iconic, international women’s fashion and lifestyle magazine ‘Cosmopolitan’ and Lynx’s controversial ‘beach campaign’. I will therefore be exploring what similarities and differences they embed due to their oppositional target audiences and content. Throughout my research the main theory I will be linking to my texts is that of Laura Mulvey, her theory explores ideas of sexism and male gaze within the media industry. Hearst the publisher of Cosmopolitan describes the magazine’s target audience as ‘Fun, Fearless Females’, the alliteration of the ‘F’ sound connotes a sense of attitude and fierce behaviour. Alongside the brand proposition ‘celebrates†¦a passion for life and inspires young women to be the best they can be’ consciously supporting women by portraying a sense of empowerment and ambition. In contrast, Unilever, owners of the Lynx brand state their brand prospect is that all their products are ‘designed to give our customers the edge in the mating game’ establishing itself as ‘UK’s leading male grooming brand!’. Cosmopolitan are iconic for telling their audience about two main topics; lifestyle and sex. Just by looking at the magazine covers, it is clear that these two topics dominate. I researched the April 2012 cover of Cosmopolitan, it follows the generic conventions of a typical magazine format for a women’s fashion and lifestyle magazine. In terms of the colour scheme the pink fonts and neutral clothing convey a sense of femininity and perhaps the everyday domestic lifestyle of women, although the lifestyle aspect of the magazine seems overpowered by the topic of sex. The cover features an attractive women – in this case the iconic Megan Fox, posing some mildly alluring body language, showing a lot of skin, all whilst looking directly at the camera (audience) with a sexy, serious facial expression with the eyebrow promiscuously raised, and suggestive parted lips. Although the model is simply posing the latest fashion, the low cut, tightly fitting dress connotes an over sexualised view of the celebrity who is universally known as a sex symbol in the media world, taking her place in FHM’s sexiest women each year and continuously playing the role of the sexy female in various popular films. It is clear that Cosmopolitan use bold sexual connotations surrounding women, although argue that their intentions are in fact to empower women through their sexuality. Notice the models strong body language , the hand on hip look used alongside taglines such as ‘Naughty or nice? You decide†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢, and sexual puns are even added in regarding none sexual subjects such as career advice ‘You on top’, these are bold sexual connotations implying that woman should dominate to get what they want, mostly regarding the topic of sex. Perhaps fighting the controversial debate of sexism towards women in media by surprisingly embracing La ura Mulvey’s theory of ‘male gaze’. Cosmo put across the idea that if men find women attractive then it should accredit them by making them feel good about themselves, knowing that they look sexy and attractive. The magazine are conscious to do this in a sophisticated manor, opposed to other trashy and over sexualised magazines. Mediaknowall.com state that ‘Women’s magazines have moved on and offer visions of independence and confidence as well as beauty and domestic concerns, yet women are still encouraged to look good’. Body image and size have become a growing issue in society in result of magazine content. The overuse of petite, photo shopped models throughout magazines has resulted in these images becoming the dominant ideology. Over the years images printed in women’s magazines have contributed to this universal feeling to look good and be a certain size. Lynx are known for their voyeuristic product advertisement, this element of the company is what attracts their buyers, yet is also their downfall. Lynx have been publicly criticized for their overuse of objectifying women, using sexualized and provocative imagery and overall blunt sexism. The BBC news state that ‘in 2011 six of Lynx’s advertising campaigns were banned after mass numbers of complains were made’ they added that ‘the 113 complaints said it was sexually suggestive and demeaning to women’. I researched Lynx’s recent TV advertisement and accompanying print advert titled ‘The cleaner you are, the dirtier you get’. Although I believe this is one of Lynx’s milder sexualised adverts even the title itself contains a sexual pun, suggesting the promise of sex if you shower with the product. The girl on the print advertisement is no doubt an attractive young female, fitting the iconic ‘blonde bombshell’ look. The girl’s enticing facial expression creates the impression she is inviting the audience (male) into the shower with her. Although the girl’s expressions look confident, there is a contrast between this and her body language. For example the way she has to cup her bikini top to stop it from falling. This vulnerability of the woman standing half nude for a male audience completely visually depicting her as a female, making her a passive object of male visual pleasure. A comment by Jean Killbourne (a popular media activist) backs up my point by stating that ‘women’s bodies are often dismembered into legs, breasts or thighs, reinforcing the message that women are objects rather than whole human beings’. Killbourne suggests that women have become dehumanised into erotic objects for male pleasure. One element of Lynx’s campaigns which continues throughout is the idea of fake portrayal. In each advert the male role is played by your everyday, not overly-attractive man, contrasted with the female role being a desirable, young beauty. In an everyday world the changes of the male role attracting that type of woman are very slim. Despite this the main message that Lynx put across to their audience throughout their advertisements is that if men wear the product – women will find them irresistible – False portrayal. Of course this element adds humour to the advertisements, although all at the expense of objectifying women in the process and promoting the gender role of the dominant male. Bibliography Websites: www.mediaknowall.com Hearst, http.//www.hearst.co.uk/magazines/Cosmpolitan/5-about.htm Cosmopolitan, http://www.cosmopolitan.com/celebrity/exclusive/megan-fox-april-cover-cosmopolitan Exploring the media: representations and responses

Virus-host Receptor Interactions in Biology

Virus-host Receptor Interactions in Biology Abstract Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and, as such, must penetrate a suitable host cell in order to replicate their genomes and disseminate. Most viruses are limited to a specific set of cells or tissues in which they can successfully replicate, and this may be in one or more particular species. When viruses are able to bind a variety of cells, the pathogenesis and overall effect on the organism may differ. The main determinants of viral tropism differ between different virus families, but in order to take the first, and arguably most important step, in the infection of a host cell, the virus must attach via specific interactions between cell surface molecules and viral proteins. Enveloped viruses usually have proteins embedded in their envelope, assembled at the host cell surface prior to budding. In the case of some viruses (such as HIV-1), these may even consist of cellular proteins from the host cell itself. Non- enveloped viruses are usually internalized in some way and uncoated in an endosome in a pH-dependant manner. Many viruses require a number of cell surface receptors for cell entry, and it is this combination, added to other factors such as replication proteins, that determine whether or not a virus can penetrate and replicated within a certain cell. Introduction As obligate intracellular parasites, the life cycle of viruses depends on an intracellular replication phase and they are thus dependant on living cells. The first essential interaction a virus makes with a host cell is with a cell-surface receptor. A viral receptor may be defined as any cell surface component that mediates recognition of a cell and facilitates entry of the virus and subsequent infection. Receptors serve to ensure infection by overcoming repulsion between the virus and cell. (Baranowski, Flint, Jindrak, modern virol) Cellular receptors are generally proteins, although other types of receptor, such as carbohydrates, may be used (see table 1). These molecules are essential components of the cell or extracellular matrix and functions may include cell adhesion, signalling e.g. chemokine and growth factor receptors. (Baranowski 2003) While some viruses require only one receptor, binding to one cellular receptor alone may not be sufficient for initiation of infection for other viruses. Viruses may bind two or more receptors in sequence in order to initiate endocytosis or membrane fusion. For some viruses, the first contact with a cell is through a low-affinity interaction with a ubiquitous molecule, which allows the primary receptor-virus interaction to take place. The primary receptor is generally unique to certain cells and therefore partly defines the tropism of that particular virus, as cells are rendered susceptible to infection by a certain virus if the receptor required for attachment and entry is present. The primary attachment receptor may induce a conformational change in the viral envelope protein bound, to induce further interaction with the cell. (Modern Virology) A further interaction may then be required to initiate infection, performed by a coreceptor.The definition of the term coreceptor may sometimes be ambiguous, but generally, it is taken to be the molecule that induces fusion or penetration of a cell. This may be a further determinant of tropism, for example the interaction of HIV-1 Virus entry into a cell is the first step in the life0cycle of a virus; various mechanisms of viral cell enrty are shown in figure 1. The mechanism of entry varies between viruses, but all begin with the binding of a cellular receptor by a viral protein. Binding of a cellular receptor may induce endocytosis or formation of an endosome, the acidic environment of which induces uncoating; this may be dependent upon cellular proteins clathrin or caveolin. Enveloped viruses may require an acidic environment that will induce conformational changes in envelope proteins required to induce membrane fusion, while others, including the measles and HIV viruses, can fuse directly with the plasma membrane at neutral pH. (Baranowski) Fusion at the plasma membrane releases the nucelocapsid into the cytoplasm, where the virus can make its way to the nucleus or begin replication in the cytoplasm. The differences in these entry pathways are due to the nature of the molecular interactions between the vi ral components and target-cell receptors, for example, viruses that mimic the natural ligand of receptors for signalling molecules interefere with their signalling to promote viral entry into the cell and spread of infection. (Bomsell) Conformational changes resulting from the binding of a primary receptor that allow the binding of a fusion receptor are a common mechanism among various types of virus, including influenza and HIV type 1, examples and brief description. Similar to Influenza . Multiple receptors could be coreceptors and act together either to modulate each other or to contribute complementary functions. Alternatively, the receptors might act sequentially. Binding of the virus to the first receptor could cause changes in the virus or host that are necessary before the second receptor can bind (50). For those viruses in fluids with flow, such as blood or respiratory secretions, the initial binding must be able to effect rapid docking of the virus to its host cell. (Haywood) As previously stated, some viruses recognise more than one cellular receptor. The same receptor may also be used by more than one type of virus. (see table 1) Often, these are highly abundant in many tissues, for example, heparan sulfate can serve as a receptor for many viruses, including Human immunodefiecieny virus, Hepatitis C and Dengue Virus and as a co-receptor for Herpesviruses (excluding EBV). (ODonnel) CAR, acts as a receptor for both coxsackie and adenoviruses. (Schneider) Table 1 illustrates the diversity of cell surface molecules which viruses have adapted to recognise. Some viruses use more than one type of molecule as a primary receptor e.g. reoviruses bind to the beta-adrenergic receptor as well as NAN. (Flint) While the presence of certain receptors on host cells is vital to initiate infection, these interactions are not always sufficient to explain all aspects of cell, tissue and species tropism. (Flint)(Haywood, Schneider) Binding of a viral protein to a cell surface receptor does not necessarily mean a productive infection will follow, since a co-receptor may be absent or functional domains of the receptor may be blocked. (Baranowski) Absence of specific cytoplasmic or nuclear molecules may hinder the replication of some viruses, despite their permissivity. However, even a non-productive infection may induce pathogenic effects, for example, binding to specific receptor may induce the secretion of cytokines. (Schneider) A virus generally cannot infect a cell successfully in the absence of its specific receptor, so the distribution around the body of the receptor will act as a restriction on the range of tissues that can be infected and hence on the number of systems in the body where sig ns and symptoms of infection might be experienced. (Flint) In the true sense of the word, Tropism refers to the specific cells a particular virus is able to replicate in, although the use of receptor by a virus is increasingly a valid definition in the field of virology. Additional factors the cause viral tropism will not be considered in the context of this essay, although they may be mentioned briefly where relevant, since the focus of this review is the link between specific receptor usage and virus tropism and pathogenesis. (Kuhmann) The primary topics explored here are the virus-receptor interactions with cells that allow viruses to enter cells and initiate infection and how this relates to the tropism of the virus at a cellular and organismal level. I am to demonstrate how viral attachment and entry is often a complicated multi-step process, sometimes requiring many different cell and virus molecules. The viruses largely used to illustrate these points, Human Immunodeficiency Virus type 1 (HIV-1), Influenza A and Herpes Simplex Virus type 1 (HSV-1) are human viruses of medical significance, but the tropism of these particular viruses in other animals, along with other viruses specific to other animals will be discussed where relevant. The structure and genomic organisation of these viruses is irrelevant and is only discussed where it relates to the glycoproteins that interact with cellular receptors. Viruses of plants, fungi and bacteria are not discussed The presence on the cell surface of a protein that has been identified as the receptor for a given virus may not be sufficient for a productive viral infection, and there may be multiple mechanisms behind such restrictions: functional domains of the receptor may be blocked in some cellular context, additional proteins (or other cofactors) may be needed, or cells may exhibit impediments for completion of the infection cycle, despite an initial successful interaction with a functional receptor. HSV- Demonstrates how viruses may use a large number of viral proteins and receptors to bind and enter specific cells. (Hayashi and Yoon) and how the interactions are a complex multi-step process. Influenza multiple steps. binds many cell types Tropism is dependent on other receptors and interactions. Of the many examples, the interaction of  the human influenza A virus hemagglutinin  with N-acetylneuraminic acid, and the ensuing  conformational alterations involved  in pH-dependent membrane fusion, are one  of the best characterized at the structural  and functional levels (11) (Baranowski 2001)  example of proteolytic cleavage to aid spread and pathogenesis. Conformational change required for fusion HIV A well-documented case of use of multiple receptos is that of HIV-1 viruses and related viruses. Illustrates how a virus may use multiple coreceptors to mediate entry to different types of cells and thus influence the tropism of this virus. Uses some of the same receptors as other viruses (parallels between HIV, HSV and influenza) Multi-step process The interaction of the virion with the attachment receptor leads to the first conformational changes in the envelope proteins. This step enables the interaction with co-receptors, or entry mediators and further conformational changes at the plasma membrane. In enveloped viruses (top), this may deliver the energy for the direct fusion of the viral envelope and cellular membrane. Some enveloped and non-enveloped viruses require the low pH in acidic endosomes to induce this conformational change. Enveloped viruses may require the low pH to induce membrane fusion (centre). These mechanisms lead to the release and possibly uncoating of the virus genome, and the initiation of the virus replication cycle. Role of Viral Receptor Destruction While non-enveloped viruses typically undergo relase through cytolysis. Influenza and HIV-1 Viruses also demonstrate the importance of receptor-destroying activity on the infectivity of some viruses. This is imperative for the efficient release and cell-cell spread of the virus by preventing the glycoproteins on the newly-emerged virus from binding to the host cell receptors. It is also important for preventing superinfection of cells by the same or different viruses utilising the same receptor, which may result in cell death. The efficient budding and release of Influenza A virus from the host cell relies on the removal of Sialic Acid residues by Neuraminidase. In contract, the HIV-1 virus gp120 envelope glycoprotein downregulates the CD4 receptor after infection of monocytes, by stimulating TNF-ÃŽÂ ± production. Other cellular mechanisms contribute to down-modulation of CD4, including the gene product Nef, which causes CD4 internalisation respectively. The precursor of gp120 and gp41, gp160, has also been found to bind CD4 intracellularly in the presence of viral protein Vpu, resulting in retention of CD4 in the Endoplasmic Rectilium. Enveloped particles leave the infected cell inconspicuously  by budding and secretion. Nonenveloped viruses  are usually thought to undergo release through cell lysis,  but some may escape by secretory mechanisms after  budding into membrane bound compartments and then  losing their membrane (Altenburg et al., 1980). Others  may subvert cellular autophagy pathways to gain access  to exocytic organelles (Jackson et al., 2005).  (Marsh)

Eric Eriksons Stages of Psychosocial Development Essay -- Erikson’s Ei

According to Eric Erikson, there are eight different social stages a person must go through as they mature. Each stage has a positive characteristic and a negative characteristic. If positive characteristics are fulfilled then their future will look good. So to what extent can the lack of reinforcement to the positive characteristics of Erikson’s psychosocial stages of development effect you? The effects can be quite horrifying. Especially if all of the stages the only characteristics fulfilled are the negative aspects. Erikson’s first stage was trust verses mistrust and it occurred from zero to 18 months of age. The point of this stage is to establish trust. Erikson believed this was the most important period in a person’s life. Since a baby depends entirely on his/her parents, the care giving plays an important role in the shaping of this stage (Cherry, 2011). If the child successfully develops trust then the child will feel safe and secure in the world, but the lack can lead to thoughts of an inconsistent and unpredictable world (Cherry, 2011). In the business world, the lack of trust can create a whole new problem. The lack of trust can lead to the â€Å"†¦unseen cost in life and business†¦Ã¢â‚¬  as said by Stephen Covey (2006). Lack of trust creates â€Å"†¦hidden agendas and a guarded communication, which slows the decision-making process† (Covey, 2006). When there isn’t trust in a situation, it hinders productivity, innovation (Covey, 2006). The second stage is autonomy verses shame and doubt. This occurs from about 18 months of age to 3 years old. The basic virtue of this stage is will; can they do things on their own or do they require the help of others? Erikson believed that children around this age wanted to develop a greater sense... ...r past with little or no regrets and will be satisfied overall. If a person is unsuccessful in this phase they will feel that they wasted their life and they will only think of regrets. They will feel despair (Cherry, 2011). Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development were complex, but simple. It is something everyone will go through and experiences will always be different. The lack of reinforcement to the positive aspects of his stages can lead to quite a disaster. Surprisingly, previous stages are highly influential to the proceeding stage. The lack of reinforcement to the positive aspects of his psychosocial stages can have a very devastating effect on a person. This is because the effects built up rather than taking the place of one another. The effects are quite horrifying, but with the right environment, experiences and beliefs, everything can go well.

English Term Paper Essay

I. Introduction: Technology is people using tool, resources, and processes to solve problems or extend their capabilities. Technology has existed as long as people have existed. It is always changing and never tends to stand still. Through the use of technology, a student can easily get the corresponding feedback for his works. He makes use of technology in getting correct answers and start solving again. The integration of technology results to a more student-centered education. It serves as an instrument on gaining access and manipulating information where students become actively involved in the process of learning. It is very obvious that the people especially students of our generation are now attached to computers, specifically to those computer games that are famous nowadays. Instead of reading books or browsing the net for school reports, we can’t deny that student tends to go online or play the computer first. Computer games are video games played on a general-purpose personal  computers rather than a dedicated video game console or arcade machine. It is very evident that a lot of students are developing bad habits that are caused by those computer games with violence as the main theme of the game. Most of the time, students keep on spending large amount of time in front of the computer doing unnecessary things, specifically playing computer games which usually leads into being a computer addict. Addiction is the continued use of a mood altering substance or behavior despite adverse dependency consequences. Computer games addiction has no physical component or objective diagnosis, but many of the consequences are similar to alcoholism or drug addiction. This type of addiction mostly affects the behavior of a person which may lead to a more serious case. Computer games addict mostly isolate themselves from normal human contacts. They change a lot and begin to ignore the others. An addict sometimes gets bankrupted or broke due to spending a lot for their vices. They also begin to be detached from their own families and violence is being spotted already. II. Objectives and Questions: This research aims to: 1. Know different computer games that the students are getting addicted to. 2. Identify the effects of computer games to the studies of the students. 3. Provide or suggest different ways to avoid computer games. This research aims to answer the following questions: 1. What are the effects of computer games to the studies and characters of the students? 2. What are the possible solutions that can help the students avoid computer games? 3. What are the different computer games that the students are getting addicted to? 4. What are the ways to prevent computer addiction? 5. Why can’t students resist playing computer games? III. Significance of the Study: In this study, we can help the students know the effects of computer games to their study habits and also their daily lives. Also to let them know the effects of getting addicted to it, the time they spent in front of the computer may be reduced. The time for more productive activities will be recognized and study habits may be more successful. We also wish to let people learn in this study to control their computer addiction and let them have the knowledge to know the advantages and disadvantages of computer games. IV. Scope and Delimitation This study only covers students from the high school department of St. Mary’s College of Meycauayan, school year 2012 – 2013. Our group will be doing surveys from random students of the said department. This research only aims to help students reduce or prevent their unwavering love for those computer games which somehow distracts their study habits. We do hope that this research could help them. V. Terminologies 1. Technology – a capability given by the practical application of knowledge 2. Addiction – is the continued use of a mood altering substance or behavior despite adverse dependency consequences, or a neurological impairment leading to such behaviors. 3. D.O.T.A – Defense of the Ancients (DotA) is a multiplayer online battle arena mod for the video game Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos and its expansion, Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne, based on the â€Å"Aeon of Strife† map for StarCraft. The objective of the scenario is for each team to destroy the opponents’ Ancients, heavily guarded structures at opposing corners of the map. 4. Violence – the intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against a person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment or deprivation. Chapter II: Review of Related Literature I. Related Literature â€Å"Nowadays, Googling and Facebooking are the most common daily activities in our society. 16 out of 16 first year students surveyed by the researchers at Mapua Institute of Technology said that they always do Googling and Facebooking. The huge time that collegestudents waste increases.Computer Addiction 4Students aside from doing school project also try to update with  the celebrity gossips andvisit the sites where they can easily find news about favorite celebrities and reading magazines.Sometimes they are obsessed with glamorous life of celebrities that make them forget what they should do as students. The addicted students always feel anxious or depressed when their computer time is shortened and they also easily become angry when being disturbed(Derevensky & Gupta, 2004). Students tend to surf the net first and gather many info on news,celebrity gossip, and organizing data, which is too much that not all of the information can beused (Derevensky & Gupta, 2004). Internet addiction disorder refers to the problematic use of the Internet, including thevarious aspects of its technology, such as electronic mail (e-mail) and the World Wide Web(American Psychiatric Association, 2000). Students nowadays do have a known disorder, whichis the IAD (Internet Addiction Disorder). They may not be able to know that they have thisdisorder until they realized that playing or using computer is more prioritized than doing schoolworks. Students get so obsessed with online gaming like Defense of the Ancient, Left for Dead,Cabal, etc. that they tend to sacrifice their academic sides just to go to computer shops and play,not noticing the time while using the computer (Sharples, 2009;Self-Help: Computer Addiction,2008). According to the survey conducted by the researchers at Mapua Institute of Technology, 9out of 16 students are at risk of being hooked with the computer games and have academicfailure for the first quarter of school year 2009-2010. They make conscious efforts just to be withtheir computers and continue failing. Also for the fact that they miss events or opportunities withfamily and friends also with non-computer related tasks because of the time spent on theComputer Addiction 5computer.† â€Å"Computer games addiction is not a physical disease or mental illness. It does not have an entry of its own in the DSM-IV. It describes a behavior that has become increasingly familiar with the rise of computer game popularity. A person with this type of addiction sets aside practically all other activities in favor of playing computer games almost endlessly.†

Review of Related Literatures and Studies Essay

Local Studies: One of the past local studies that is relevant to our research was made way back 2009. I think it has something to help in our current issues about our researches.   On December 5, 2009, Mapua Institute of Technology finalized their research named â€Å"The effects of Computer Addiction to the Academic Performances of Mapua Institute of Technology First year Students†. It seems like familiar or should I say Same Title but in our research we include Computer Games Addiction and also its effect on academic performance on selected freshmen CCIS students. This research was made by 4 Mapua Students. In their research, they interviewed 16 first year students about study habits and computer addiction. As the survey results, 11 participants were classified computer addicts. The results of that survey back 2009 showed that computer addicts spends more time playing computer than studying. Their research also concluded that computer addiction have lead students to have a declining grade on their academic performances of first year students in the said University. With the help of this past research, we can make our research stronger and more useful. It will give us more information and ideas that are related to what are the goals we want to achieve. Philline Kate Vera C. Palaà ±a, Juan Paolo D. Rabacio,Marjorie Maralit, Nidia P.D.C. Andrade. â€Å"The-Effects-of-Computer-Addiction-to-the-Academic-Performances-of-Mapua-Institute-of-Technology-First-Year-Students.† 5 December 2009. http://www.scribd.com. . Local Literature: â€Å"Video games will ruin your children’s future†- Cesar Tolentino, a Market Research Analyst and Consultant here in the Philippines. In his blog/ article on http://www.gdap.org.ph, where the title of his featured blog is â€Å"Turning the tide: Changing the Filipino Outlook Towards Gaming†. He stated there that â€Å"there are cases of overuse and abuse among gamers for online games in the country, we should advocate responsible gaming†. In this case, many students failed in their academic performance because of too much playing or becoming addict in computer games. He stated also, † It’s all a matter of mind conditioning. Often those who became so addicted to games and suffered low grades or failures in school also have family problems. Responsible gamers know their priorities. There are actually many valedictorians and dean’s listers who play video and computer games too.† I think this will help us in finding the reason why many students keep playing computer games at all. Tolentino, Cesar. â€Å"features/turning-the-tide-changing-the-filipino-outlook-towards-gaming/.† 6 July 2011. http://www.gdap.org.ph. .

Aisha essays

Aisha essays Through out the last chapter in the novel, Aisha talks about her life and herself as if she was talking about another person. It seems as if she is talking about someone else, but she is actually talking about herself in her other voice. The meaning of this represents that she is talking about herself as another person to give us the idea that she was at the time someone who is very different from the Aisha that now talks about her past. The old Aisha she talks about in Nativity is a married woman who lives an unhappy marriage, I had watched them carefully over the years. Sometimes they argued. But less and less as time went by. Aisha learnt to be careful. To avoid certain subjects. To avoid enthusiasms, excesses, tears. To avoid me. It was not that she was afraid of him. I believe she was afraid for him; afraid of me. And she wanted to go on loving him. (Soueif, 139), There is a knot but it will not be broken. How can it be broken? Does not love him as a woman should love her man. When even as he enters her, she is closed to him. When even as he probes her, she retreats him. (Soueif, 140). She is a woman who has a nurse who takes care of her, controls her, and keeps her company twenty- four hours a day, Aisha listened to her nurse as she had been listening to her for twenty- seven years. (Soueif, 141). Someone that the new Aisha feels pity and sad for, My poor and precious darling. (Soueif, 140! ) that sees her as an innocent and naive individual, ... hes not like the men you know. Hes not like the those foreigners or the boys at school or the Gezira Club. You dont know anything about his type. I come from a family of butchers and I know how their minds work. He must have thought it strange that you were there in the first place. Then you let him ride in your car and talk of going to the Nativity with him. Of course he&apos...

Biography of Frederick I Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor

Biography of Frederick I Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor Fast Facts: Frederick I (Barbarossa) Known For: Holy Roman Emperor and Warrior KingAlso Known As: Frederick Hohenstaufen, Frederick Barbarossa, Emperor Frederick I of the Holy Roman Empire  Born: Exact date unknown; circa 1123, birthplace thought to be SwabiaParents:  Frederick II, Duke of Swabia, Judith, the daughter of Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria, known also as Henry the Black.  Died: June 10, 1190 near Saleph  River,  Cilician ArmeniaSpouse(s): Adelheid of Vohburg, Beatrice I, Countess of BurgundyChildren: Beatrice, Frederick V, Duke of Swabia, Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor,  Conrad, later renamed  Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia, Gisela, Otto I, Count of Burgundy, Conrad II, Duke of Swabia  and Rothenburg, Renaud, William, Philip of Swabia, AgnesNotable Quote: It is not for the people to give laws to the prince, but to obey his mandate. (attributed) Early Life Frederick I Barbarossa was born in 1122 to Frederick II, Duke of Swabia, and his wife Judith. Barbarossas parents were members of the Hohenstaufen dynasty and House of Welf, respectively. This provided him with strong family and dynastic ties that would aid him later in life. At the age of 25, he became the Duke of Swabia following his fathers death. Later that year, he accompanied his uncle Conrad III, King of Germany, on the Second Crusade. Though the crusade was a tremendous failure, Barbarossa acquitted himself well and earned the respect and trust of his uncle. King of Germany Returning to Germany in 1149, Barbarossa remained close to Conrad and in 1152, he was summoned by the king as he lay on his deathbed. As Conrad neared death, he presented Barbarossa with the Imperial seal and stated that the 30-year-old duke should succeed him as king. This conversation was witnessed by the Prince-Bishop of Bamberg, who later stated that Conrad was in full possession of his mental powers when he named Barbarossa his successor. Moving quickly, Barbarossa garnered the support of the prince-electors and was named king on March 4, 1152. As Conrads 6-year-old son had been prevented from taking his fathers place, Barbarossa named him Duke of Swabia. Ascending to the throne, Barbarossa wished to restore Germany and the Holy Roman Empire to the glory it had achieved under Charlemagne. Traveling through Germany, Barbarossa met with the local princes and worked to end the sectional strife. Using an even hand, he united the princes interests while gently reasserting the power of the king. Though Barbarossa was King of Germany, he had not yet been crowned Holy Roman Emperor by the pope. Marching to Italy In 1153, there was a general feeling of dissatisfaction with the papal administration of the Church in Germany. Moving south with his army, Barbarossa sought to calm these tensions and concluded the Treaty of Constance with Pope Adrian IV in March 1153. By the terms of the treaty, Barbarossa agreed to aid the pope in fighting his Norman enemies in Italy in exchange for being crowned Holy Roman Emperor. After suppressing a commune led by Arnold of Brescia, Barbarossa was crowned by the Pope on June 18, 1155. Returning home that fall, Barbarossa encountered renewed bickering among the German princes. To calm affairs in Germany, Barbarossa gave the Duchy of Bavaria to his younger cousin Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony. On June 9, 1156, at Wà ¼rzburg, Barbarossa married Beatrice of Burgundy. Next, he intervened in a Danish civil war between Sweyn III and Valdemar I the following year. In June 1158, Barbarossa prepared a large expedition to Italy. In the years since he was crowned, a growing rift had opened between the emperor and the pope. While Barbarossa believed that the pope should be subject to the emperor, Adrian, at the Diet of Besanà §on, claimed the opposite. Marching into Italy, Barbarossa sought to reassert his imperial sovereignty. Sweeping through the northern part of the country, he conquered city after city and occupied Milan on September 7, 1158. As tensions grew, Adrian considered excommunicating the emperor; he died before taking any action. In September 1159, Pope Alexander III was elected and immediately moved to claim papal supremacy over the empire. In response to Alexanders actions and his excommunication, Barbarossa began supporting a series of antipopes beginning with Victor IV. Traveling back to Germany in late 1162, to quell unrest caused by Henry the Lion, he returned to Italy the following year with the goal of conquering Sicily. These plans quickly changed when he was required to suppress uprisings in northern Italy. In 1166, Barbarossa attacked toward Rome at won a decisive victory at the Battle of Monte Porzio. His success proved short-lived, however, as disease ravaged his army and he was forced to retreat back to Germany. Remaining in his realm for six years, he worked to improve diplomatic relations with England, France, and the Byzantine Empire. Lombard League During this time, several of the German clergy had taken up the cause of Pope Alexander. Despite this unrest at home, Barbarossa again formed a large army and crossed the mountains into Italy. Here, he met the united forces of the Lombard League, an alliance of northern Italian cities fighting in support of the pope. After winning several victories, Barbarossa requested that Henry the Lion join him with reinforcements. Hoping to increase his power through the possible defeat of his uncle, Henry refused to come south. On May 29, 1176, Barbarossa and a detachment of his army were badly defeated at Legnano, with the emperor believed killed in the fighting. With his hold over Lombardy broken, Barbarossa made peace with Alexander at Venice on July 24, 1177. Recognizing Alexander as pope, his excommunication was lifted and he was reinstated into the Church. With peace declared, the emperor and his army marched north. Arriving in Germany, Barbarossa found Henry the Lion in open rebellion of his authority. Invading Saxony and Bavaria, Barbarossa captured Henrys lands and forced him into exile. Third Crusade Though Barbarossa had reconciled with the pope, he continued to take actions to strengthen his position in Italy. In 1183, he signed a treaty with the Lombard League, separating them from the pope. Also, his son Henry married Constance, the Norman princess of Sicily, and was proclaimed King of Italy in 1186. While these maneuvers led to increased tension with Rome, it did not prevent Barbarossa answering the call for the Third Crusade in 1189. Death Working in conjunction with Richard I of England and Philip II of France, Barbarossa formed an immense army with the goal of retaking Jerusalem from Saladin. While the English and French kings traveled by sea to the Holy Land with their forces, Barbarossas army was too large and was forced to march overland. Moving through Hungary, Serbia, and the Byzantine Empire, they crossed the Bosporus into Anatolia. After fighting two battles, they arrived at the Saleph River in southeast Anatolia. While stories vary, it is known that Barbarossa died on June 10, 1190, while jumping into or crossing the river. His death led to chaos within the army and only a small fraction of the original force, led by his son Frederick VI of Swabia, reached Acre. Legacy Over the centuries following his death, Barbarossa became a symbol for German unity. During the 14th century, there was a belief that he would rise from the imperial castle of Kyffhuser. During World War II, the Germans launched a massive attack against Russia, which they dubbed Operation Barbarossa in honor of the medieval emperor.

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Religion - Essay Example Khan tackles this question as a public figure in the United States. She talks about growing up in America and how for a long time all she wanted to do was fit in. She turned her back on her faith and on the teachings of prophet Mohammed. Eventually, she began to see a Allah-shaped hole in her life and rediscovered her faith. But she felt that Muslims should reach out to other faiths in their community in order to share ideas and concepts and to help bind the community together. She has done this through her interfaith dialogues in New York. She has worked hard to bring disparate people together. For her, Mohammed teaches that we are the children of God and that the divisions sometimes generated by faith are false ones that can and should be overcome. Of course, this takes a great deal of work, so Khan must work tirelessly to promote her message. Islam is a soft thing, not a hard thing, and violence must be removed from the faith. People need to have a better understanding of the fait h, Khan believes. Part of being a Muslim involves your own personal faith, but part also involves sharing with others what Islam is really about. After the terrorist attacks in New York, Khan began to really pick up this thread and do her best to show people that Islam is a religion of peace not of war and that people should learn more about what it really means. Some of the best ambassadors, she thinks, are artists from the community rather than fire-breathing imams. This softer side of Islam, the artistic side, is what she believes is sometimes lost in the mix. So she does her best to communicate through a number of interfaith dialogues with people of different religions and persuasions. 2. Why are there different interpretations in Islam, and what is your opinion about these different interpretations? - Support you opinion with relevant material and avoid critical or offensive remarks. Islam is a very large religion with many

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The relationship of the mass commercial media we are living with and Research Paper

The relationship of the mass commercial media we are living with and experimental film - Research Paper Example The research paper also discusses whether it is possible to commercialize modern experimental films or video art (Barnett 39). Commercial media vs. experimental film Mass media is a combination of diverse media technologies whose main purpose is to reach to a large group of audience through mass communication. The technologies used to achieve this objective vary. For instance, broadcast media such as recorded music, radio, televisions, and films transmit their messages electronically. On the other hand, experimental cinema or experimental film is a form of cinema (Barnett 111). Experimental film is a type of artistic practice that easesof both cinema and visual arts. Experimental film has its origin in Europe, which took place during the twentieth centuries. Experimental film has established its history through theories such as that of P. Adams Sitney, and its distribution advance through non-profit institutions such as The Film-Makers’ Cooperative of New York and other organi zations in other countries (Barnett 192). Experimental film influences on commercial media Although experimental film is familiar witha relatively small group of academics, practitioners, and connoisseurs, it has highly influenced, and will continue influencing visual effects, cinematography, and editing (Biolsi 84). Experimental film has highly influenced and led to the advancement of commercial media, which is currently familiarwith a large group of people such as televisions. Experimental film influences cinematography, which is the science or art of motion picture shooting. It is the technology used in movie photography, which includes both shooting and production of films (Biolsi 221). Cinematography also refers to film director’s major visual turncoat. Secondly, experimental film influences visual effects; these are a variety of processes for creating or manipulating imagery outside live action’s context. These visual effects influence commercial media since they involve mixing of live-action generated imagery and footage aided in creating media environments, which look more realistic, although, they would be expensive, dangerous, impractical, or not possible to capture on film (Biolsi 505).Visual effects with computer-generated images have currently become more accessible to the filmmakers due to the introduction of user-friendly, affordable composting, and animation software. Lastly, experimental film influences editing, which is the process of preparing and selecting visual, written, audible, and film media used to communicate commercial information. The editing process involves condensation, correction, organization, and other editing performed with aid of producing consistent, correct, complete, and accurate information (Biolsi 507). The editing process starts with ideas of the author of the work, proceeding as a partnership between the editor and the author as the entire work’s edition takes place. As such, editing process invo lves human skills, creative skills, and an accurate set of procedures. The music video’s genre is a commercialization of a number of experimental film’s techniques. Experimental film has also influenced television advertising and title design hence making television broadcasting more attractive than before. Song video or music video refers to a short film combining

Religion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 10

Religion - Essay Example Khan tackles this question as a public figure in the United States. She talks about growing up in America and how for a long time all she wanted to do was fit in. She turned her back on her faith and on the teachings of prophet Mohammed. Eventually, she began to see a Allah-shaped hole in her life and rediscovered her faith. But she felt that Muslims should reach out to other faiths in their community in order to share ideas and concepts and to help bind the community together. She has done this through her interfaith dialogues in New York. She has worked hard to bring disparate people together. For her, Mohammed teaches that we are the children of God and that the divisions sometimes generated by faith are false ones that can and should be overcome. Of course, this takes a great deal of work, so Khan must work tirelessly to promote her message. Islam is a soft thing, not a hard thing, and violence must be removed from the faith. People need to have a better understanding of the fait h, Khan believes. Part of being a Muslim involves your own personal faith, but part also involves sharing with others what Islam is really about. After the terrorist attacks in New York, Khan began to really pick up this thread and do her best to show people that Islam is a religion of peace not of war and that people should learn more about what it really means. Some of the best ambassadors, she thinks, are artists from the community rather than fire-breathing imams. This softer side of Islam, the artistic side, is what she believes is sometimes lost in the mix. So she does her best to communicate through a number of interfaith dialogues with people of different religions and persuasions. 2. Why are there different interpretations in Islam, and what is your opinion about these different interpretations? - Support you opinion with relevant material and avoid critical or offensive remarks. Islam is a very large religion with many

The relationship of the mass commercial media we are living with and Research Paper

The relationship of the mass commercial media we are living with and experimental film - Research Paper Example The research paper also discusses whether it is possible to commercialize modern experimental films or video art (Barnett 39). Commercial media vs. experimental film Mass media is a combination of diverse media technologies whose main purpose is to reach to a large group of audience through mass communication. The technologies used to achieve this objective vary. For instance, broadcast media such as recorded music, radio, televisions, and films transmit their messages electronically. On the other hand, experimental cinema or experimental film is a form of cinema (Barnett 111). Experimental film is a type of artistic practice that easesof both cinema and visual arts. Experimental film has its origin in Europe, which took place during the twentieth centuries. Experimental film has established its history through theories such as that of P. Adams Sitney, and its distribution advance through non-profit institutions such as The Film-Makers’ Cooperative of New York and other organi zations in other countries (Barnett 192). Experimental film influences on commercial media Although experimental film is familiar witha relatively small group of academics, practitioners, and connoisseurs, it has highly influenced, and will continue influencing visual effects, cinematography, and editing (Biolsi 84). Experimental film has highly influenced and led to the advancement of commercial media, which is currently familiarwith a large group of people such as televisions. Experimental film influences cinematography, which is the science or art of motion picture shooting. It is the technology used in movie photography, which includes both shooting and production of films (Biolsi 221). Cinematography also refers to film director’s major visual turncoat. Secondly, experimental film influences visual effects; these are a variety of processes for creating or manipulating imagery outside live action’s context. These visual effects influence commercial media since they involve mixing of live-action generated imagery and footage aided in creating media environments, which look more realistic, although, they would be expensive, dangerous, impractical, or not possible to capture on film (Biolsi 505).Visual effects with computer-generated images have currently become more accessible to the filmmakers due to the introduction of user-friendly, affordable composting, and animation software. Lastly, experimental film influences editing, which is the process of preparing and selecting visual, written, audible, and film media used to communicate commercial information. The editing process involves condensation, correction, organization, and other editing performed with aid of producing consistent, correct, complete, and accurate information (Biolsi 507). The editing process starts with ideas of the author of the work, proceeding as a partnership between the editor and the author as the entire work’s edition takes place. As such, editing process invo lves human skills, creative skills, and an accurate set of procedures. The music video’s genre is a commercialization of a number of experimental film’s techniques. Experimental film has also influenced television advertising and title design hence making television broadcasting more attractive than before. Song video or music video refers to a short film combining

Sara Lee Case Study Essay Example for Free

Sara Lee Case Study Essay Sara Lee managements should continue focusing on the food -based industries and trying to link those industries as much as possible. One of their main strengths is brand recognition. People can expect to get premium quality products when they purchase anything from the Sara Lee product line. Sara Lee is struggling in the bakery industries, both North American and International with the exception of fresh breads, a narrowing of product lines may help make this brand more profitable. They are doing a great job in the International Beverage market, with the number one selling item being coffee. The global retail coffee market was expected to grow from $51 billion in 2009 to $62 billion in 2013. With this being said this market is a cash cow and Sara Lee management should focus on Coffee and tea in the International Beverage business and they can also create new products to expand the product line. Since they are already the number one seller in single-serving coffeemakers, a good idea would be for them to make single-serve pods that are compatible with any single-serve coffeemaker. With a current market share of 40 percent, this will only help increase their overall market share. Since Sara Lee is divesting many of their of their product lines and expect to contain growth in operating expenses through reducing inventory, focusing on promising markets and emphasis on efficiency, they will have more money to use in other places like advertisement. They should do more with putting their name out there. Creating a marketing campaign to bring back name recognition that has been overshadowed by competitors will help product sales. They can bring back their slogan â€Å"Nobody does it like Sara Lee.† Focusing on profitable products and expanding product line will help the Company have significant gains in shareholder value and improve the company’s performance.

Social Learning Theory And Tv Children And Young People Essay

Social Learning Theory And Tv Children And Young People Essay Children spend over 1,500 hours watching television in the course of a year; this amount of time spent in front of the television is significant when compared to the amount of hours a child spends in school, which is on average about 900 hours (Herr, 2007). Television impacts the lives of children in todays society with violence being the main message in the majority of shows. TV has become an ongoing controversial issue in which many researchers since the 1950s have conducted research studies. This paper will discuss Banduras social cognitive theory and research conducted within the last ten years in order to gain a better understanding of the effects of TV violence and children. Keywords: TV, violence, Bandura, social learning theory Introduction In todays ever evolving world of technology, television is at the top. While technology develops advancements and evolution, TV has maintained its popular presence. Postman (1985) states that television is our cultures way of knowing about itself and goes on to discuss how TV stages the world becomes the model for how the world is properly to be staged (p. 92). When the picture doesnt reflect reality, this is where issues arise. A child being brought up in this type of reality and never knowing life without a television makes them vulnerable to the negative effects of television. A childs cognitive development not being fully matured enough to understand violent messages that the media portrays becomes another issue that arises. Palmer, Hockett, and Dean (1983), found that for many children who watch TV programs geared for adults are not fully equipped emotionally or cognitively enough. Also it is to be noted that many of these children watch these types of program without adult supervision (p. 290). Difficulty to react emotionally to these types of TV messages is a lack of cognitive development (Potter, 2008, p. TV Violence 458). Potter (2008) further notes that until a child has developed certain knowledge structures, they will lack certain perspectives of how to view the world around them (p. 61). Television broadcasts many meaningful messages such as violence that not only entertains our children but has a huge impact on their lives. TVs popularity on violent programs has become an issue that many researchers have conducted research on since the 1950s. Gerbner states that being brought up around a violent culture develops aggressiveness, as well as, insecurity, anger, mistrust and desensitization in many (Stossel, 1997, p. 91). Many researchers attest that violent television viewing contributes to antisocial behaviors as well as other variable factors. Ongoing debates go on of whether long or short term effects of TV viewing occur, and children are the main focal group that needs special protection from the negative effects of violence on TV (Potter, 2008, p. 62). The TV generations of children are bleak bunch when compared to earlier generations of children who seemed to be more outgoing and playful (McLuhan Fiore, 1967, p. 126). Researchers today state that children who spend more time in front of the television are at a higher level of risk for developing antisocial effects. Just about every household in the United States has at least one television if not more, and with that said many children are being exposed to violent images and programs at a very young age. Flavell and Ross (1981) state that 4 to 6 year olds have little reflective understanding of their moral knowledge and have an intuitive moral competence that they answer questions about moral rules and in how they excuse their transgressions and react to the transgressions of others. (p. 288) The social learning theory was developed by Albert Bandura in 1977 and states that everyday individuals observe the actions of others in ways of being rewarded, ignored, or punished (p. 46). This theory is most relevant theory in criminology. Social learning can take place at age; however, research has shown that social learning is most important during childhood years. With this has come the influential debate on the effects of children and TV violence. Banduras most famous research was based on his Bobo doll experiment that demonstrated social learning theory in that children are more likely to be violent towards a life size doll after watching an adult be violent to the doll on TV. Theory Relevance Banduras social learning theory emphasizes the importance as well as the modeling behaviors, attitudes and emotional reactions of others. Bandura (1977) further notes that Learning would be exceedingly laborious, not to mention hazardous, if people had to rely solely on the effects of their own action to inform them what to do. Fortunately, most human behaviors is learned by observation through modeling; from observing others individuals tend to form ideas of how new behaviors are performed (p.22). Social learning theory further explains behavioral patterns as having been learned through operant conditioning and observation. Social learning theory extends its details by examining human behaviors through interactions within cognitive, behavioral and environmental influences. Components of social learning theory are: Attention Retention Motor Reproduction Motivation The reason why I chose to discuss social learning theory is mainly because of my own research I conducted a few years ago. The results were comparable to many of the other research studies conducted. Further I chose to discuss the social learning theory because I find it fascinating how this ties into criminal justice and may be a factor in why criminals commit crime. It is possible that criminals who commit crime were exposed to negative activities and never were taught right from wrong, leading many of these offenders to commit crime. It is up to the policy-makers to limit the amount of exposure of violence in the media from young children. It has been notes that violence contributes to 61% of TV programs that children view. Children arent the only ones affected by TV violence, adults are exposed to the same amount of violence as well and most arent even aware of it. In most recent technology, parents can restrict certain television shows from their children, and most recent laws now state that television rates must be present to rate the material being shown (e.g. amount of sexual content or violence). It is up to the government to put restrictions on certain types of shows in order to help restrict young views such as children from watching, which in tale can lead these children into an increased life of crime, thinking it is ok do what they see on TV. It is also up to the government to reduce the amount of violence portrayed on TV. Research Support The following will discuss previous studies conducted on television violence and its impact on children. Gerbners research called The Cultural Indicators Project has been noted to be one of the most widely referenced content analysis dealing with TV violence. In 1976, Gerbner and Gross conducted research with the use of a grant from the National Institute of Mental Health. Their research entailed television programming and its concepts of social reality through a violent profile; which is a set of indicators along with the aspects of the TV world and the concepts of reality that are developed by viewers. In 1995, the Cultural Indicators Project had viewed over 25 years worth of TV programs, their observations consisted of over 3000 programs and 35,000 types of characters from thematic to action heroes (Signorielli, Gerbner, Morgan, 1995). Gerbners study focused mainly on physical, obvious violence, which was the most consistent within the data measuring TV violence (Signorielli, et al., 1995). Other types of research conducted were from the Berkeley Media Studies Group, which focused on new stations that showed real life violence on TV. The Berkeley Media Studies Group focused their research on TV news stations and how they structure the public and policy issue on violence in children (Dorfman, Woodruff, Chavez, Wallack, 1997). Here, researchers conducted over 214 hours worth of local news media in California. The media collected in this study was 1,791 stories related to children, violence, or both. It is to be noted that the research study was done around Halloween in hopes of having a higher rate of news related stories involving children and violence, as well as, any story involving anyone younger than 24 involved in a gang. The results of this study showed that the most frequent topic discussed on the news was in fact violence related (Dorfman, et al., p. 1312); with over 55% of the news stories shown were about children involved in violent acts and about 68% of the violence shown on the news worried children (p. 1314). In todays society, children dont know what it is like to not have a television or TV violence for that matter. Almost every household in the United States 99% has at least one TV in their household, whereas majority owns two or more (Herr, 2007). Bandura (2006) further states that more than half of households in the United States have three or more TVs (as cited in Potter, 2008, p. 5). The Kaiser Family Foundation (2010) conducted a study that found children ranging from ages 8 to 18 watch about 4  ½ hours of TV every day. It is also to be noted that this research found that 71% of these children had TVs in their bedrooms. With high saturation of TV programs, it is evident that there is also high presence of violent programming being watched by these young children. Further, Signorielli (2003) conducted analysis based on a 13 week television program that builds off of research from the Cultural Indicators Project. The results showed no change in level of violence from spring 1993 to fall 2001, where six of the television programs had violence (p. 53). In her study, Signorielli also found that the same amount of violence was being shown but within fewer characters in the TV programs. Therefore, violence on TV in the past 30 years has been found in 60% of TV programs, which breaks down to 4.5 acts per program (p. 54). Glascock (2008) also conducted analysis on children and TV violence, however Glascocks study was based on aggressive behavior (e.g. verbal, physical, and indirect acts of aggressiveness) and TV programs. With 6,599 aggressive acts analyzed, he found that TV programs air approximately 68 acts of aggression every hour (p. 274). Wilson, Smith, Potter, Kunkel, Linz, Colvin, and Donnerstein (2002) conducted a study on the nature as well as the extent of violence on television that mainly targeted children 12 years and younger (p. 5). Their results found that TV programs that targets children had more overall content of violence than non-children related TV shows (p. 29). Further, the results displayed over  ¾ of violent scenes in children shows had some type of humor, whereas  ¼ had aggression displayed in a humorous context (p. 22). With the results of this research Wilson, Colvin, and Smith (2002) wanted to further their research to offenders committing violence. With that said, they discovered that many of the violent offenders (89%) were adults, and children accounted for 4 to 7% based on age. When combined with the 2,500 hours of violent TV programs involved in this study, they discovered that younger offenders view TV violence once every hour and a half, were as adults are engaged 5 times an hour (p. 45). So the research result show that younger offender have a higher chance of being seen as attractive, having less punishment and are more involved in violence that have fewer end result to the victim (p. 53). Christakis and Zimmerman (2007) conducted a five-year observational, longitudinal study that discovered preschoolers; especially boys who view violence on TV do develop subsequent aggressive behavior (p. 996). Huesmann, Moise-Titus, Podolski, and Eron (2003) conducted a 15 year longitudinal study that found high significance in both young boys and girls in relations to aggressive behavior after watch violent TV programs. (p. 203). They note that child ranging in ages from 6 to 9 who watch violent programs on TV that displayed aggressive same-sex characters, and had perceptions of TV violence being real had higher rates of aggression as adults (p. 215). In 1960, a man named Leonard Eron surveyed every eight year old in Columbus County, New York. He stated I want to measure child-rearing practices as they relates to aggression. The parents asked such questions as: Had they read Dr. Spock? How often did their child watch TV? What was their childs favorite show? The results of this survey showed that the more aggressive children watched higher amounts of violent TV programs. However, did watching TV make these children more aggressive or were aggressive children watching violent TV programs? The U.S. Surgeon General formed a committee on TV and social behavior and asked Eron to survey the Columbia County children from 1960 (The Education Digest, October 1994). In 1971, Eron found about 500 of the now 19 year olds from the original sample of 875 children. The Correlation between viewing violence at age 8 and how aggressive the individual was at age 19 was higher than the correlation between watching violence at age 8 and behaving aggressively at age 8. Further, Eron once again was asked to further conduct his study in 1981, using 400 of the subjects being studied again, along with 80 of their offsprings (The Education Digest, October 1994). 30 year old men who had been the most aggressive when they were 8 had more arrests for drunk driving and violent crime and were more abusive to their spouses. Of the 600 subjects whose criminal records were reviewed; those who watched violent TV programs when they were 8 had been arrested more often for violent crimes and self reported fights when consuming alcohol. (The Education Digest, October 1994). In 1973, Tannis McBeth Williams studied children in a Canadian town before and after the town got TV; the results found that creativity dropped and that within two years after the town received the arrival of TV the rates of hitting, shoving, and biting among first and second graders had increased by 160%. Further studies discovered, 10 to 15 years after the TV was introduced, murder rates doubled (Newsweek, December, 1995). Bandura (1960) conducted a study on preschoolers and let them watch TV footage of a man hitting a bobo or clown doll. Afterwards, the children who saw the violent footage were more likely to mimic the same motions the adult did to the doll. Further studies have shown that these child also spontaneously would act out towards a man dressed as a clown as well, indicating that TV violence might spill easily into the real world. In another twist, a group of children saw a similar piece of footage of a man hitting a doll but being spanked for the actions. The children who watched this footage were less likely to attack the doll themselves (Newsweek, December, 1995). Discussion Current and past research has shown that many of the children who view violent content on TV at a young age do grow up to be violent. Banduras research with the Bobo doll clearly shows the effects of violence on children. In a study covering from 1982 to 1992, researchers found that for every 10 prime-time male characters who commit violence, 11 were victims. For every 10 female offenders, there were 17 female victims and for every 10 women of color given power, 22 were victimized (Newsweek, December 1995). Research also shows that 10% of violence comes from what we learn as children. Numerous years of research on this subject has proven that the more violence children are brought up around the more they think it is ok. It is also to be noted that this type of research establishes causation, which can determine cause and effect between variable. Not all research on this violence and children are accurate, not all children grow up to be violent offenders either. This is where most of the research becomes weak. There is no evidence or other factors that are tested to prove that TV violence is in fact the only contributor to offenders committing violent acts of crime. Much of these studies have been controlled type studies, and with this, controlled studies can be artificial, or done in a lab type setting which tends to eliminate real life effects on this type of study. It also should be noted that much of the research conducted on this subject have been done in previous years where exposure to TV violence was mild compared to current TV programs. Also, studies conducted in past years had fewer channels to choose from limiting the amount of available violent content. Studies suggest a high correlation between exposure to TV violence and violent behavior. Results of studies should be used to educate the public, parents, children, and programmers. Further, making suggestions on what can be utilized from parents, and criminologist may also help understand better the correlation between the two. Awareness on TV violence needs to be utilized in order to see who is at higher risks of violence. With the use of TV ratings on shows, parents are able to decide what shows there children are allowed to watch and in return reduce the amount of violence young children watch, reducing the effects of young children committing crime. Summary and Conclusions In todays society not many individuals can say they can pass the day without engaging in some sort of use of the television; whether it is used for entertainment or background noise. Signorielli (2006) notes that the television is the most all-encompassing mass medium in the United States and with this Postman (1992) stresses the need for American culture to change its concepts on reality expressed through TV (p. 19). Banduras (1986) social learning theory discussed that individuals are not driven by the inner forces nor are automatically shaped and controlled by external stimuli. However, he further states that human functioning is utilized in a way of modeling a triadic reciprocality, where behavior, personal and cognitive factors as well as environment interact with one another and are the determinates of one another (p. 18). Limitations of the studies discussed throughout this paper have demonstrated both past and present research and has been noted that it is impossible to control the factors such as environment, cognitive, and personal factors. With limitations within the data sets it is to be known that any analysis used from this data can be flawed. Further research needs to include factors such as social class, family communications and issues, parental monitoring, aggression within the family, viewing habits of television from both parents and children and many more. Recommendations for Further Study As television, programming, and audience evolves, research that is conducted also needs to evolve, as well as the types of questions being asked. For example, content analysis cannot focus mainly on certain prime-time TV shows on cable, for there are many more different types and channels on satellite, digital video recording (DVR) as well as live streaming off the internet, which have all changed the individuals viewing habits. With the popularity of news programs and reality shows Glascock (2008) states these types of programs need to be added to the analysis as well. Music television, advertising, public broadcast and even sports have been forgotten as well within this research. It is also to be noted that very little attention has been put on violent vs. nonviolent content on TV. Another factor that is an important variable for this research is how nonviolent programs affect and assist in better understand modeling behaviors in children. Much of Banduras evidence from his social learning theory is highly supported those individuals who view and enjoy TV more than others tend to like or relate to certain characters. Therefore, when these individuals see their character that they relate to act out with use of violence, that individual becomes excepting to that type of violence, leading them to have higher risks of committing crimes themselves. Research studies from the year 2000 to the present need to be investigated and address future research with questions such as: What types of progress and/or new conclusions can be used to identify certain effects that impact children who view violence on television? Has any new understandings or developments emerged within the last ten years that relate to TV violence and aggressive behavior in children and adults? However, many media effects researchers have began to look into studies on prevention and interventions. These types of studies use the social learning approach used in TV violence research and are examining process of comprehension, interpretation, and evaluating types of aggressive acts. Murray (2008) suggests that further researcher needs to involve neurological correlations of viewing TV violence (p. 1223). Many researchers are beginning to worry about addictions and dependency on TV. Researchers such as Anderson, Berkowitz, Donnerstein, Huesmann, Johnson, Linz, Malamuth, Wartella (2003) suggest that more parental monitoring as well as better guidance need to be put in place. Walma van der Molen (2004) go further to discuss the important of families, schools, and children doctors in helping to promote awareness on TV violence and its effects to children, more so on topics of real life violence and its effects (p. 1771). It is to be noted that no one kid is immune to the effects of TV violence, many children who are exposed to violent TV at a young age are at higher risk of committing crimes as young adults as well as adults. Further evidence has shown that any child from any family, city or any other type of background has the risk of learning and behaving more aggressively when exposed to violence on TV. Conclusions Almost everything on television can now be categorized as reality yet all of it is seen as entertainment. With the television making its presence in homes long ago, it has since moved its way into where we work, our schools, on our phones and even in our cars. Leading more of todays children demanding more time spent watching it. Much of the research in this paper supports the notion that constant viewing of violence on TV leads to more acceptance aggression and violent behaviors. Banduras social learning theory further discusses that if individuals have a strong link to a certain character and the character receives rewards, punishments or uses violence, the individual is more likely to act like the character and display the same type of behavior (Nabi Clark, 2008, p. 407). Research has shown time and time again that the lack of punishments and remorse that is displayed leads to a false reality and decreased sensitivity; leading more children to think it is ok to be aggressive and commit crimes and with no guidance from parents children will grow up to think this type of behavior is ok, which will lead many of children to grow up and end up in jail (Caputo, 1993; American Association of Pediatrics Committee on Communications, 1995; Signorielli, Gerbner, Morgan, 1995; Federman, 1996-1998; Peters Blumberg, 2002; Wilson, Colvin Smith, 2002; Potter, 2008; Richmond Wilson, 2008). Decrease sensitivity is desensitization. Many children model and react the same way they see things on TV, leading many children to grow up being insensitive, lazy, and having a lack of concern in emotional situations and these types of attitudes are seen in many of the criminals today. Desensitization can range differently for many individuals, however, the results are the both negative; for an individual will have a decreased amount of emotional reactions from the violent views or will have no regards to the consequences of violent acts they commit. 5,958 young children ages 10 to 24 were murdered in 2006 from gunfire, this is on average a total of 16 children being murdered every day (Center for Disease Control and Prevention, 2009). These murder rates are higher than children deaths due to cancer, AIDS/HIV, asthma, influenza, and pneumonia combined (Childrens Defense Fund, 2004, as cited by AAFP.org, 2010). With no proof leading to the reasons why children use guns and kill can only lead to possibilities that violence on TV is in fact a key factor. With many young children in todays society growing up having more antisocial behaviors leads many to believe that the majority of these children will in fact grow up and become criminals or will commit more crimes as a young adult. When paired with the amount of time children are exposed to violence on TV it is easy to see the correlation linked to antisocial behaviors which leads many individuals to commit crime.

International Trade Essay -- essays research papers

To export these goods you have to have an organization which deals with the rules of trade between nations. Such an international organization is the World Trade Organization (WTO). The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business. Result:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  - is assurance -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consumers and producers know they can enjoy secure supplies and greater choice of the finished products. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Producers and exporters know that foreign markets will remain open to them. Heart of the system are the: -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  WTO’s agreements -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The agreements are negotiated and signed by governments. They have to be ratified in their parliaments. World Trade Organization (WTO) -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  came into being in 1995 -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  deals with rules of trade between nations -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the agreements are signed by the governments -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established in the wake of the Second World War -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It has more than 140 members and the top decision making body meets at least once every two years The 3 main purposes of WTO: - trade flow as freely as possible -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  means removing obstacles. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  also means ensuring that individuals, companies and governments know what the trade rules are around the world, and giving them the confidence that there will be no sudden changes of policy. In other words, the rules have to be â€Å"transparent† and predictable. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  to serve as a forum for Trade negotiations -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  dispute settlement Trade relations often involve conflicting interests. Contracts and agreements often need interpreting. The best way to solve these differences is based on an agreed legal foundation. Principles of the trading system The WTO agreements are lengthy and complex because they are legal texts covering a wide range of activities. They deal with: agriculture, textiles and clothing, banking, telecommunications, government purchases, industrial standards, food sanitation regulations, intellectual property, and much more. ... ...t, but it is no longer the main set of rules for international trade. And it has been updated. - The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade always dealt with trade in goods, and it still does. It has been amended and incorporated into the new WTO agreements. -While GATT no longer exists as an international organization, the GATT agreement lives on. - The old text is now called â€Å"GATT 1947†. - The updated version is called â€Å"GATT 1994†. The main differences GATT was ad hoc and provisional. The General Agreement was never ratified in members’ parliaments, and it contained no provisions for the creation of an organization. The WTO and its agreements are permanent. As an international organization, the WTO has a sound legal basis because members have ratified the WTO agreements, and the agreements themselves describe how the WTO is to function. The WTO has â€Å"members†. GATT had â€Å"contracting parties†, underscoring the fact that officially GATT was a legal text. GATT dealt with trade in goods. The WTO covers services and intellectual property as well. The WTO dispute settlement system is faster, more automatic than the old GATT system. Its rulings cannot be blocked. International Trade Essay -- essays research papers To export these goods you have to have an organization which deals with the rules of trade between nations. Such an international organization is the World Trade Organization (WTO). The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business. Result:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  - is assurance -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Consumers and producers know they can enjoy secure supplies and greater choice of the finished products. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Producers and exporters know that foreign markets will remain open to them. Heart of the system are the: -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  WTO’s agreements -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The agreements are negotiated and signed by governments. They have to be ratified in their parliaments. World Trade Organization (WTO) -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  came into being in 1995 -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  deals with rules of trade between nations -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  the agreements are signed by the governments -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) established in the wake of the Second World War -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It has more than 140 members and the top decision making body meets at least once every two years The 3 main purposes of WTO: - trade flow as freely as possible -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  means removing obstacles. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  also means ensuring that individuals, companies and governments know what the trade rules are around the world, and giving them the confidence that there will be no sudden changes of policy. In other words, the rules have to be â€Å"transparent† and predictable. -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  to serve as a forum for Trade negotiations -  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  dispute settlement Trade relations often involve conflicting interests. Contracts and agreements often need interpreting. The best way to solve these differences is based on an agreed legal foundation. Principles of the trading system The WTO agreements are lengthy and complex because they are legal texts covering a wide range of activities. They deal with: agriculture, textiles and clothing, banking, telecommunications, government purchases, industrial standards, food sanitation regulations, intellectual property, and much more. ... ...t, but it is no longer the main set of rules for international trade. And it has been updated. - The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade always dealt with trade in goods, and it still does. It has been amended and incorporated into the new WTO agreements. -While GATT no longer exists as an international organization, the GATT agreement lives on. - The old text is now called â€Å"GATT 1947†. - The updated version is called â€Å"GATT 1994†. The main differences GATT was ad hoc and provisional. The General Agreement was never ratified in members’ parliaments, and it contained no provisions for the creation of an organization. The WTO and its agreements are permanent. As an international organization, the WTO has a sound legal basis because members have ratified the WTO agreements, and the agreements themselves describe how the WTO is to function. The WTO has â€Å"members†. GATT had â€Å"contracting parties†, underscoring the fact that officially GATT was a legal text. GATT dealt with trade in goods. The WTO covers services and intellectual property as well. The WTO dispute settlement system is faster, more automatic than the old GATT system. Its rulings cannot be blocked.

Is the Operation of Auditing Necessary? Essay examples -- Business Eth

[IS THE OPERATION OF AUDITS NECESSARY?] [We need to understand that audit is about achieving customer satisfaction in order to gain repeat business and overall increase company revenue.] What is business ethics? The ethics of a particular business can be diverse. Business ethics is the behavior that a business devotes to in its daily dealings with the world. Auditing is the analysis and inspection of the financial accounts/records whether or not a company has a qualified accountant and procedures of a firm or organization. This is necessary to gain a fair information on the company’s financial statements. With its auditing, potential investors and creditors can look at the financial statements to decide whether to invest in a business or not. Moreover, auditing is important as it also protects the public from scams and corrupt business procedures. So, is an audit process required? Yes, I believe it is an essential part for every business’s ethics, which is literally in order to do the right thing and guide how they should behave regarded as moral values. Many businesses have gotten a bad reputation by behaving unethically in order to survive in this competitive age. Some people may argue that most businesses are just interested in making money, which could be viewed as capitalism. It is not wrong to earn money in itself. This is the reason and the manner all companies exist. And, some companies actually are not aware of the importance of its auditing. They just think that it’s a waste of money and time. This aspect is the major drawback in these companies as customer doesn’t depend on these companies for long and their business is affected in long terms. They need to understand that an audit is about achieving customer sat... ...ing-reference/internal-auditing Kana Inagaki, Japan Prosecutors Charge Olympus, Executives. Wall Street Journal, March 7, 2012 Paine, L. S.: 1994, Managing for Organizational Integrity. Harvard Business Review (March-April), 106–117. W. Dunfee and Patricia Werhane., Report on Business Ethics Thomas in North America What Is The Importance Of Audit, And Its Advantages & Disadvantages?, http://www.blurtit.com/q678572.html Singh, Preeti. "Auditing Scam in Jagan Reddy's Firm, Nov.-Dec. 2011. Web. 01 Apr. 2012. . (16). Time (2002) The End of Arthur Andersen? Retrieved April 19, 2003 from the World Wide Web: http://www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,216386,00.html "The Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002." The Sarbanes-Oxley Act 2002. Web. 01 Apr. 2012. .